Social Media and Political Revolution: Re-Understanding The "Arab Spring" Phenomenon in the Perspective of Transnational Public Spaces
Keywords:
revolution; social media; transnational activism; public sphere.
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze some linkages between revolution, public sphere, and transnational activism through social media in the Middle East. A revolution in Tunisia in 2011 became an international issue aft er the revolution spreaded to other states in the region. Aft er Tunisia, protest movements began to ignite in Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Jordania. This wave of revolution comes into a public discourse: what causes this movement? How could a revolution in one country inspire another revolution in another country? To answer these questions, we analyze the role of social media as a “bridge” to connect activists in the Middle East to make a revolution. We conclude that transnational activism was formed by routine and massive reports from media which explained what hadhappened in the Middle East during the revolution. The reports were followed by a spread of the idea of democracy and civil rights through social media. As a consequence, revolution took place in several other countries whose socio-cultural tradition are similar to that of Tunisia.
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3. "Egypt, Is The Party Over?" 2011. The Middle East, March.
"Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube Now Become A New Weapon." (2011). Al-Jazeera.Arfani, Riza Noer. February 6, 2011. Pandora Middle East. Sovereignty of the People Ahmed, Amel and Giovanni Cappocia. (2014). The Study of Democratization and Arab Spring. Middle East Law and Governance 6: 1-31
4. Angrist, Michelle Penner. (2011). Mourning in Tunisia: The Frustations of Arab World Boil Over.Foreign Aff Airs. (Online).(http://www.foreignaff airs.com/articles/67321/michelepenner-angrist/morning-in-tunisia).
5. Chamkhi, Tarekh. (2012). Neo-Islamism PostArab Spring. Paper presented at the Australian Political Science Association Annual Conference, Murdoch University,
6. Perth.Elliot, Michael. March 7, 2011. Learn to Love The Revolution Time.
Grand, Stephen R. (2011). Starting from Egypt: The Fourth Wave of Democratization.
7. Hadiz, Vedi R. (2003). Reorganizing Political Power in Indonesia: A Reconsideration of so-called 'Democratic Transitions'. The Pacifi c Review, 16 (4):591-611
8. Habermas, Jurgen. (2010). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into the Category of the Bourgeois Society, Indonesian translation. Yogyakarta:Discourse Creation.
9. Halliday, Fred. (2005). The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. Cambridge University Press.
Hanouz, M.D. and S. Khatib. (2011). The Arab World Competitiveness Review. World Economic Forum. Davoz: WEF.
10. Hardiman, F. Budi. (2010). Deliberative Democracy: Considering the rule of law and public space in Jurgen Habermas's Theory of Discourse. Yogyakarta: Canisius.
11. Howard, Philip N. and Muzammil M. Hussain. (2013). Democracy's Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huntington, Samuel. (1993).
12. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 21th Century. Oklahoma: OklahomaUniversityPress.Hauslohner, Abigail. 18 April 2011. Democracy, Egyptian Style.
13. Time Kurzman, Charles. (2012). The Arab Spring: Ideals of the Iranian Green Movement, Methods of the Iranian Revolution. International Journal of Middle East Studies 44 (1): 162-165.
14. International Monetary Fund. (2011). World Economic and Financial Survey: Middle East and Central Asia Regional Economic Outlook. Washington, DC: IMF Publications. "Internet Blackouts: Reaching for the Kill Switch" The Economist, 12 February 2011.
15. Jackson, Robert and George Sorensen. (2007). Introduction to International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Kellner, D. (2011). Habermas, The Public Sphere and Democracy: A Critical Intervention UCLA EDU. (On line). (
17. Kitchen, Nicholas et al. (2011). Aft er the Arab Spring: Power Shift in the Middle East ?. IDEAS Report, London: LSE.
Leksono, Ninok. February 16, 2011. Digital Technology in the Political Revolution. Compass.
18. Malek,Adeel and Bassam Awadalah. (2011). The Economics of Arab Spring. CSAE Working Paper WPS 2011-23. Oxford: Center for the Study of African Economics, University of Oxford.
19. Pepinsky, Tomas. (2013). There is No Indonesian Model for the Arab Spring. Foreign Affairs. (On line). (
20. Ramadan, Tariq. (2012). Islam and the Arab Awakening. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Said,Edward.(1978).Orientalism.NewYork:Penguins.Singh, Abhisek and Gopal Thakur (2013). New Media Technology as Public Sphere for Social Changes: A Critical Study. Journal of Indian Research 1 (2): 38-43.
22. Sihbudi, M. Riza. (1991). Islam, Arab World, Iran: Middle East Embers. Bandung: Mizan Publisher
Published
2020-04-18
How to Cite
Saleus, N. (2020). Social Media and Political Revolution: Re-Understanding The "Arab Spring" Phenomenon in the Perspective of Transnational Public Spaces. International Journal of Science and Society, 2(1), 320 - 336. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i1.82
Section
Articles
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