International Journal of Science and Society

The ASEAN Way and Regional Environmental Cooperation: Explaining Forest Climate Policies in Southeast Asia

Latifah Ratu Dea — 2026-07-12

Climate change and accelerating deforestation have intensified the need for regional cooperation to address forest-related environmental challenges in Southeast Asia. As one of the world's most forest-rich regions, Southeast Asia has witnessed the development of various regional initiatives and policy frameworks that seek to strengthen cooperation on forest conservation and climate change mitigation. Limited attention has been given to the role of the ASEAN Way as a normative foundation that shapes the development of regional forest climate policies. This study aims to explain how the principles of the ASEAN Way influence regional environmental cooperation in the formulation of forest climate policies in Southeast Asia. Employing a qualitative research design, the study uses document analysis of ASEAN declarations, regional agreements, strategic plans, policy frameworks, and relevant academic literature. The ASEAN Way guides the analysis as an informal regional institution characterized by consensus, consultation, non-interference, respect for sovereignty, and informality. The findings suggest that these principles have significantly influenced the development of regional environmental cooperation by promoting consensus-based decision-making, voluntary commitments, and flexible institutional arrangements in the formulation of forest climate policies. This article contributes to the International Relations literature by demonstrating how regional norms shape environmental cooperation and influence regional policy development, thereby providing a normative and institutional explanation for the emergence and characteristics of forest climate policies in Southeast Asia.

Restructuring the Business Model of Smallholder Oil Palm Plantations in Forest Areas of Central Kalimantan Province: An Integration of Pestel-Porter Diagnostics and Social Forestry Solutions

Heru Hartako — 2026-07-23

This study aims to diagnose the vulnerability of the smallholder palm oil business model in the forest areas of Central Kalimantan Province and formulate its restructuring strategy through the Social Forestry policy. The land overlap issue covering 179,258 hectares places smallholders at high legal and economic risks following the enactment of the Job Creation Law (UU Cipta Kerja). The research method used is descriptive qualitative through an integrative approach using the Business Model Canvas (BMC), PESTEL, and Porter’s Five Forces frameworks. The diagnostic results reveal that the existing business model is highly vulnerable due to macro-regulatory constraints and the smallholders' weak bargaining power against informal markets. As a public governance solution, the Social Forestry policy through the Jangka Benah (transition period) scheme is capable of restructuring the elements of the smallholders' BMC blocks. This transformation alters the Key Resources aspect through long-term land utilization legality, improves Key Partnerships by eliminating middlemen, enhances the bargaining power of the product's Value Proposition, and realizes a sustainable, traceable, and legally compliant smallholder palm oil business model.

Massive Intraoperative Hypercarbia and Subcutaneous Emphysema in a Geriatric Patient with Cardiorespiratory Comorbidities Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Case Report

Steven Yoe — 2026-07-23

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in geriatric patients imposes risk due to carbon dioxide (CO₂), especially in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. This report presents a 87 years old female with body mass index (BMI) of 17.09 kg/m² undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to gallbladder empyema. Patient had history of biliary sepsis, cardiomegaly, atelectasis of left lung apex, and chronic kidney disease. Severe inflammation of gallbladder necessitated higher pneumoperitoneum pressure up to 17 mmHg to facilitate visibility. The elevated intra-abdominal pressure combined with poor tissue turgor triggered extensive subcutaneous emphysema and massive hypercarbia, indicated by a surge in End-Tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂) reaching >70 mmHg, whereas arterial blood gas analysis revealed a PaCO₂ of 45 mmHg. This gradient anomaly occurred without an accompanying tachycardic response or oxygen desaturation. Temporary cessation of insufflation successfully stabilized the patient clinically. This case highlights the importance of vigilance regarding weak fascial turgor in underweight geriatric patients subjected to high intra-abdominal pressure, the impairment of CO₂ elimination due to atelectasis, and the crucial role of implementing multimodal analgesia with regional anesthesia techniques to prevent postoperative hypoventilation caused by opioid administration.

Archaeology of Conflict in Tanah Rejang: A Comparison of Indigenous and Colonial Defense Systems in Bengkulu in the 17th-19th Centuries

Benyamin Lufpi — 2026-07-23

Bengkulu occupied a strategic position where local trading powers, the international pepper trade, and European colonial rivalries converged from the seventeenth century onward, giving rise to two distinct fortification traditions: the indigenous Rejang kutai—bamboo-fenced settlements (reduai) integrated with the community's social-cosmological structure, and the colonial fortifications of the British East India Company (EIC): Fort York, Fort Marlborough, Fort Anna, and Fort Linau. This paper builds a comparative interpretive framework for these two fortification typologies within a conflict archaeology lens, while mapping existing data gaps. As a conceptual study, it employs a qualitative approach based on secondary data synthesis, prior excavation reports, colonial archives, and ethnographic studies without primary fieldwork. Findings indicate that the two systems represent distinct epistemologies of conflict space: the Rejang kutai reflects an organic, community-scale defensive logic embedded in the landscape, while EIC forts reflect a geometric, centralized logic responding to larger geopolitical threats. The study also reveals significant disparities in the preservation of the three colonial forts, Marlborough well-maintained, Anna damaged as symbolic rejection, and Linau physically vanished and mythologized, analyzed through memory archaeology and critical heritage studies. The paper contributes to broadening the scope of Indonesian conflict archaeology, long dominated by colonial fortification studies, and proposes a primary field research agenda for the physical remains of Rejang kutai.

In Vitro Reduction of Antifungal Azole Sensitivity in Malassezia spp. and Resistance Prevention Strategies

Sari Almira Taria — 2026-07-23

Malassezia spp. are lipophilic yeasts that constitute part of the normal skin flora but are also implicated in various dermatological conditions, including pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, and folliculitis. In recent years, decreased in vitro antifungal susceptibility has been increasingly reported, potentially contributing to therapeutic failure and disease recurrence. Literature evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) patterns of azole agents and the molecular mechanisms of the decreased susceptibility in Malassezia spp. remains limited. Therefore, this literature review examines scientific articles related to the antifungal susceptibility of commonly used azoles against skin infections caused by Malassezia spp. Relevant publications were analyzed, focusing on in vitro studies, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, resistance mechanisms, and strategies for preventing antifungal resistance. Several studies demonstrate increased MIC values, particularly for azole antifungals such as fluconazole and ketoconazole. Fluconazole exhibited the highest MIC values (4 to >64 mg/L; MIC50 32 mg/L; MIC90 64 mg/L), whereas posaconazole showed the lowest (0.06–2 mg/L; MIC50 0.125 mg/L; MIC90 0.5 mg/L). Ketoconazole and itraconazole demonstrated relatively good antifungal activity, while amphotericin B showed moderate efficacy. Compared to Candida spp., Malassezia spp. generally exhibited higher MIC values, suggesting reduced susceptibility. Resistance mechanisms include ERG11 gene mutations, increased efflux pump activity, and biofilm formation. Decreased antifungal susceptibility in Malassezia spp. represents an emerging clinical concern with significant implications for treatment outcomes. Rational therapeutic approaches, including antifungal stewardship, susceptibility-guided therapy, and combination strategies, are essential to prevent resistance and improve clinical effectiveness.

Web-Based Decision Support Assistant for Sectoral Stock Technical Analysis Using Walk-Forward Analysis

Agung prasetyo — 2026-07-28

This study developed a web-based decision support assistant for sectoral stock technical analysis using Walk-Forward Analysis and Large Language Model-based explanations. The system was designed to identify the best-performing technical indicator for each sector based on historical out-of-sample evaluation and to present the results in an interpretable form. The study evaluated Moving Average Crossover, Moving Average Convergence Divergence, and Relative Strength Index using daily historical data from 40 stocks representing the Financial, Technology, Industrial, and Energy sectors on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The evaluation applied a fixed-length rolling scheme consisting of a six-month in-sample period, a three-month out-of-sample period, and a three-month window shift. Signal performance was assessed using Average Forward Return at T+1, T+3, T+5, and T+10 trading days, with Directional Accuracy as the primary metric. The results showed that Relative Strength Index achieved the highest observed out-of-sample performance in the Financial sector with a Directional Accuracy of 51.52%, while Moving Average Crossover achieved the highest performance in the Technology, Industrial, and Energy sectors with 50.00%, 57.14%, and 71.43%, respectively. The system presented sector-based indicator results, BUY, SELL, or HOLD signals, performance metrics, price visualizations, explanatory narratives, and PDF reports. All 20 predefined Black Box Testing scenarios were completed successfully, User Acceptance Testing achieved a success rate of 99.83%, and the System Usability Scale produced a score of 78.63, which was categorized as Good, Grade B+, and Acceptable. The findings indicate that technical indicator performance varies across sectors and evaluation periods, supporting the use of chronological out-of-sample validation in sector-specific technical analysis.

The Students’ Perceptions of Using Pictures Series and Video in Learning Narrative Text: A Questionnaire-Based Survey

Iinaas Maahiroh Al Mufiidah — 2026-07-23

Writing is one of the fundamental language skills in English language learning, particularly for junior high school students, because it enables learners to express ideas, organize information, and produce various types of texts such as narrative, descriptive, recount, report, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, and news item texts. In learning narrative texts, many students experience difficulties in understanding story structures, developing vocabulary, organizing ideas coherently, and maintaining motivation during classroom activities. Therefore, the integration of engaging instructional media, such as pictures series and videos, has become increasingly important to facilitate students' comprehension and participation in English learning. This study aims to investigate students' perceptions of using pictures series and video in learning the narrative text Beauty and the Beast. Specifically, it explores students' views regarding the effectiveness of these media in improving vocabulary acquisition, story comprehension, motivation, classroom engagement, idea organization, and the ability to retell narrative texts. This study employed a quantitative questionnaire-based survey design involving 51 eighth-grade students from classes 8A and 8D at SMP Al Furqan Jember. The participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through 12-item Questionnaire Based Survey using a four-point Likert scale consisting of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviations, to describe students' overall perceptions toward the implementation of pictures series and video in English learning. The findings revealed that most students demonstrated positive perceptions toward the use of pictures series and video. They reported that these instructional media helped them learn new vocabulary, understand the storyline more clearly, organize ideas systematically, remain focused during lessons, participate more actively in classroom activities, and enjoy learning English. Furthermore, students perceived that the combination of visual and audiovisual media created a more meaningful and engaging learning environment, which supported their understanding of narrative texts and encouraged greater confidence in retelling stories. These findings suggest that integrating pictures series and video can serve as an effective instructional strategy to enhance students' learning experiences and foster positive attitudes toward English language learning, particularly in narrative text instruction.

Performance Management Systems and Employee Performance in Banking: Examining the Mediating Role of Performance Management System Effectiveness

Rendy Martiandita — 2026-07-30

Performance management systems aim to align individual contributions with organizational objectives through goal setting, monitoring, coaching, feedback, evaluation, and development. However, formal implementation does not necessarily ensure system effectiveness or improved employee performance. This study examines the relationships among performance management system implementation, performance management system effectiveness, and employee performance among Consumer Relationship Officers at a bank. A quantitative approach involved 174 Consumer Relationship Officers as respondents and 63 Business Managers as performance evaluators. The officers assessed performance management system implementation and system effectiveness, while the managers independently evaluated employee performance. The proposed relationships were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Performance management system implementation comprised six stages: prerequisites, performance planning, performance execution, performance assessment, performance review, and performance renewal and recontracting. System effectiveness was measured through fairness, goal clarity, feedback, accuracy, and usefulness, while employee performance encompassed task, adaptive, contextual, and counterproductive work behavior. The results show that performance management system implementation positively and significantly affects both system effectiveness and employee performance. System effectiveness also positively and significantly influences employee performance and provides complementary partial mediation between system implementation and employee performance. These findings highlight the importance of moving beyond procedural compliance by ensuring that performance management practices promote fairness, clarity, credible feedback, accurate information, and practical value, supported by managerial evaluation for a more comprehensive assessment of employee performance.